基于学科核心素养视角的高中历史教学模式研究

许萍娟
江苏省江阴市第一中学214400

历史是一门使用叙事来检查和分析一系列过去事件并客观地确定造成这些事件的因果关系的学科。同时，历史也是讲述过去历朝历代的古今中外的人们在做人做事方面的经验和教训，因此，学习历史能够学到很多知识，使人更加聪慧。在新课程改革的背景下，传统的高中历史教学已经难以满足学生的学习需求，这就要求学校注重培养学生的核心素养，这也就需要教师结合新课程标准的要求，根据教学内容和学生的实际学习情况，灵活运用多种教学方法，引导学生进行独立思考和探索历史知识，在教学过程中培养良好的核心素养。本文将针对学科核心素养视角下高中历史教学所面临的困境以及应对策略进行探究。

一、高中历史的学科核心素养

（一）高中历史核心素养的内涵

    高中历史学科的核心素养包括五大部分：唯物史观、时空观念、史料实证、历史解释和家国情怀。唯物史观主要指揭示人类社会历史客观发展规律；时空观念是指通过观察和分析事物与特定时间及空间的联系对历史事件进行分析的观念；史料实证则是指对获取的历史资料进行辨析，再运用可靠的史料尽可能重现历史真实；历史解释指的是以历史资料为依据和基础，对历史事件进行理性分析和客观评判的态度、能力和方法，培养叙述历史和形成历史认识的能力；家国情怀是指在学习和探索历史事件时应该树立的人文情怀和社会责任感。

（二）高中历史核心素养对学生的要求

历史核心素养要求培养学生学习历史时需要具备以下几种基础技能：

1. 基础知识。历史的基础知识其实就是每一个历史事件。只有理解到每一个历史事件的相关知识，才能够正确地对历史事件进行理性分析和评判，从而形成历史认识。因此，培养学生的历史核心素养，首先要让学生牢牢掌握基础知识。基础知识主要来自于教材，学生需要把握好的教材内容，同时，也不能局限于教材，应该在教师的指导下阅读更多的历史书籍，开拓视野，增大知识面的广度，并通过阅读大量的历史资料和相关的理论著作加深对历史事件的认识和理解。

2. 学习能力。这里的学习能力指的是学生能够通过主动学习而掌握知识的能力，而不是被动地、机械地完成教师安排的学习任务。学生在学习历史或是其他学科的过程中，要坚持主动学习和探索，以便掌握好学科的相关能力，比如阅读理解能力、整理知识的能力、分析能力以及概况中心思想的能力等。只有掌握这些能力，才能够真正了解和分析历史事件，正确理解历史中的人文情怀，培养叙述历史的能力。

3. 理性思维。历史学科主要研究的是对各种历史事件的分析，而一个硬币有两面，每一个历史事件都具有其两面性。因此，学生在学习历史时，要辩证地分析在某一特定历史背景下的历史事件，客观理性地评判这一历史事件的历史影响以及对社会发展所起的作用。

4. 结合现实。学习历史的目的是以历史为鉴，通过学习和总结前人的经验和教训来为现实中制定更好的决策提供可靠的依据。学生在学习历史时应该将历史事件与类似的时事政治相结合，通过历史事件分析当下时政热点，了解现实事件的发展情况。

（三）培养学生学科核心素养的价值

    在学校教育中倡导核心素养理念的目的是培养全面发展的人。在高中历史教学中培养学科核心素养，能够培养学生的历史思维，使得学生能够活学活用所学的知识。同时，能够将知识的教学与能力的培养相结合，充分调动学生的学习主动性，让学生能够更好地“以史为鉴”，促进学生综合素质的发展。

二、 基于学科核心素养视角的高中历史教学所面临的困境

（一）课堂教学内容单一、枯燥

    受传统教育理念和应试教育环境的影响，大部分教师为加快教学进度、完成教学任务，在课堂教学过程中仅仅讲授课本上的历史知识，很少甚至从来没有在课堂上对教材上的知识内容进行拓展。在课堂教学中，教师只是按照书本上的历史背景、历史人物、事件发展的大概过程以及历史影响进行讲解，对于历史背景、人物以及具体的历史事件有关的内容并未进行拓展，教学内容单一，导致学生对教师照本宣科的教学内容和方式感到枯燥乏味，加上高中历史知识相较于初中的难度增加较大，且为了应付考试，学生只能死记硬背教材上的历史知识，使得学生逐渐失去了对历史的学习兴趣和积极性，导致学生对历史的学习只是应付了事，并未真正学到知识，更无法培养学生的能力，从而高中历史的教学难以达到其真正的目的。

（二）传统教育模式的局限性

    随着素质教育理念的倡导和新课程改革的不断深化，高中阶段的教育教学也更加注重对学生综合素质的培养。但是由于传统教育模式的局限性以及高中阶段升学压力的增加，教师和家长都更加关注学生的考试成绩，忽视了对学生的综合素质的培养。因此，部分教师在进行课堂教学时仍然以填鸭式教学为主，只在读完教材上的大致内容后，告知学生考试的重点和难点以及必考点，让学生死记硬背这些知识点，并未引导学生对历史事件进行分析和评判，忽视了对学生自主学习能力和独立思考能力的培养，导致学生在考试后很快就会遗忘所学的知识。

（三）现代信息技术在教学中的运用不够合理

    在这个信息技术高速发展的时代，现代信息技术在学校教学中的运用也越来越普及。然而，许多教师尚未意识到要想使用多媒体技术手段达到高效教学，关键在于利用多媒体技术促使学生更加主动地学习，而非只是使用多媒体技术进行形式上的教学。大部分高中历史教师未能真正理解到多媒体技术在教学中的使用时机和方式。在课堂教学中，大多数教师只是通过多媒体课件向学生展示本堂课的知识点和知识图解等，把多媒体课件当做电子板书，没有运用多媒体技术创设合适的教学情境，也未对教材知识进行补充和拓展，忽视了多媒体技术其他功能在课堂教学中的作用。此外，教师在使用多媒体技术教学时，未能根据学生的实际情况作出调整，只是一味地播放课件展示知识内容，并未给予学生独立思考和小组讨论的时间，同时，教师在准备课件时，基本上都是直接在网上下载，而不是根据自己的教学情况和学生的实际学习情况来自行制作的，这并不能满足学生的学习需求和新课改的要求，也无法从根本上解决教学中存在的问题，提升高中历史的课堂教学效果。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

（四）缺乏对学生的人文教育

    在历史的学习过程中，不仅要吸取前人的经验和教训，还要通过了解其中的文化资源，体会背后的人文主义精神，以丰富自身的精神文化内涵。在历史教学中开展人文教育能够在提升学生的文化素养的同时，加强学生的精神文化修养，从而促进学生的全面发展。然而，在实际的高中历史课堂教学中，受升学压力和教育理念限制的影响，教师很少花时间带领学生探索历史事件背后所隐含的人文主义精神，缺乏对学生的人文教育，难以