非谓语动词

一、语法知识分析

1.形式：

2. 意义： 非谓语动词（non-predicate verbs）是指在句子中不充当谓语的动词形式，可以在句子中担任多种成分，如主语、宾语、定语和状语等。它不受主语和人称和数的限制，因此也被称之为动词的非限定形式。

3. 使用：

① 必修要求：

在语篇中理解和使用动词不定式作句子中的定语和结果状语；

在语篇中理解和使用动词-ing 形式作句子中的定语、状语和补语；

在语篇中理解和使用动词-ed 形式作句子中的定语、状语和补语。

② 选择性必修要求：

在语篇中正确地理解和使用动词不定式作句子中的主语和表语；

在语篇中正确地理解和使用动词-ing 形式作句子中的主语、宾语和表语；

在语篇中正确地理解和使用动词-ed 形式作句子中的表语。

③ 非谓语动词：在历年英语高考中，对非谓语动词的考查主要出现在阅读理解和语法填空中。同时，学生也可以运用在应用文写作和读后续写中传达意义，取得更好的表达效果。本课例基于历年高考真题，采用了以语言运用为导向的“形式-意义-使用”三维动态语法观：在语境中呈现的语法知识、在语境中指导学生观察所学语法项目的使用场合、表达形式、基本意义和语用功能，并通过高考真题练习巩固所学语法知识，在语境中帮助学生学会应用非谓语动词来理解和表达意义。

二、学情分析

授课对象为某四星级高中高三（11）班，共有41名学生。尽管该班学生的语法基础尚可，能够基本掌握非谓语动词的形式和意义，但在实际语篇应用中，他们对非谓语动词的使用规则缺乏深刻理解。特别是在区分动词-ing形式用作表语、动词-ed形式用作定语、状语、补语和表语的具体用法时，学生们表现出明显的困惑。此外，学生们虽然知道非谓语动词在高考语篇语法填空题型中会被考查，却未能充分认识到这一语法点在听力、阅读理解中的重要性，且多数同学在作文写作中未能有效运用该语法知识。为了提升学生们在非谓语动词方面的应用能力，需要进一步加强他们在不同语境下的实践训练，并深化对非谓语动词语法功能的理解。

三、迁移目标

课前通过分析学生非谓语动词专题训练讲义上的错误，以及各种考试呈现的书面表达作品中，发现：学生对于非谓语动词在句子中充当的成分感到困惑，并缺乏非谓语动词的运用意识。基于此。结合对《普通高中英语课程标准》和学生学情，本课迁移重点为让学生能够掌握非谓语动词常见的句子成分以及提高在书面表达中使用非谓语动词的意识。

在本课学习结束时，学生能够：

1.    在语篇中正确地理解和使用非谓语动词作定语、状语和补语的用法。

2.    树立在书面表达中正确使用非谓语句型的意识。

四、迁移实施过程

步骤一：提出问题

1.     播放采访视频（Q: Do you know how non-predicate verbs are tested in the college entrance examination?）并按照“语法填空、阅读理解和听力、写作”归纳视频中学生的回答。

2.     教师向学生提出以下三个问题：

Q1：What are common forms of non-predicate verbs in rational cloze? How to use them?

Q2：In listening and reading comprehension, which types of questions often let us pay attention to long and difficult sentences use that use sentence structures such as “to do” and “doing”?

Q3：Do you often use non-predicate sentence patterns in writing? If so, what sentence patterns do you often use? If not, why don’t you use them?

3.     教师展现本节课迁移目标：

1）在语篇中正确地理解和使用非谓语动词作定语、状语和补语的用法。

2）树立在书面表达中正确使用非谓语句型的意识。

[设计意图]

学生观看采访视频，可以激发学生学习兴趣。通过提出的三个问题，学生能够对非谓语在高考题型中的常用用法有逐步的了解。此问题学生回答不会特别全面，因此造成学习紧迫感，提高学生的学习积极性。最后通过展现本堂课的教学目标，学生能够精确学习方向，便于学生进行评估和反馈。

步骤二：分析问题

1. 第一次进阶（形式+意义）：非谓语动词在语法填空中的运用

1） 给出高考真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出语法填空非谓语常用考点。

Activity 1: Find out the non-predicate pattern and tell the component that acts in a sentence

(2023年新高考全国I卷) Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.

(2023年新高考全国I卷) No matter where I buy them，one steamer basket is rarely enough，yet two seems greedy，and so I am always left wanting more next time.

(2021年新高考全国 I 卷) But that’s how nature is—always leaving us astonished.

(2021年新高考全国 I 卷) Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.

(2023年新高考全国I卷) Shanghai may be the recognized home of the soup dumplings，but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.

(2022年新高考全国I卷) Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.

(2022年新高考全国I卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

2） 竞争游戏：罗列“动词+宾语+现在分词”、“动词+宾语+不定式”和“动词+宾语+过去分词”的结构。

Activity 2: list as many phrases as possible

Pattern 1: verb. + object + doing (leave sb doing让某人继续处于做某事的状态):

____________________________________________________________

Pattern 2: verb + object + to do (allow sb to do 允许某人做某事)

____________________________________________________________

Pattern 3: verb + object + done  (see sth done 看到某事被做)

____________________________________________________________

3） 分小组讨论非谓语动词作定语、状语的常用用法。

1) The Common Usage of Non Predicate as Attributive：

a. The film shown in the cinema is great.

b. The updated system is very useful.

c. The girl dancing on the stage is my sister.

d. I can hear the sound of running water.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

2）The Common Usage of Non Predicate as Adverbial：

a. The crowd dispersed, chattering still about the shocking scene.

b. He won the competition three times, making him very famous in our school.

c. Seeing the effectiveness of the medicine, they improve the production.

d. To win the election, he must make sure that the citizens support his vision for urban development.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

通过讨论、游戏竞争、探究等环节，让学生掌握非谓语动词在语法填空中的常用考点，从而掌握非谓语动词常见的形式和不同使用意义和功能。

2. 第二次进阶（在听力和阅读理解中的使用）：非谓语动词在听力和阅读理解中的运用

1） 给出高考听力真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出听力中非谓语常见的使用情况。

Activity 4: finish the following task and conclude rules

Listening comprehension

1）  (2021年新高考全国I卷 听力) My best friend works there. And I went to visit her. It was a good chance to practice my Spanish.

Q: Why did the woman go to Mallorca?

A. To teach Spanish.  B. To look for a job.  C. To see a friend.

2）  (2022年新高考全国I卷 听力) It was an amazing story. She brought specially trained dogs to special education schools and helped children to build confidence.

Why did Tracy bring dogs to the children?

A. To teach them to love animals.

B. To help them gain confidence.

C. To protect them from dangers.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

2） 给出高考阅读理解真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出阅读理解中非谓语常见的使用情况。

Reading comprehension

1) (2023年新高考全国I卷C篇) The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.

(   )What is the book aimed at? ______

A. Teaching critical thinking skills.

B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

C. Solving philosophical problems.

D. Promoting the use of a digital device.

2) (2022年新高考全国I卷C篇) The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织）to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's well-being. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.

(   )What is the purpose of the project? ______

A. To ensure harmony in care homes.

B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.

C. To raise money for medical research.

D. To promote the elderly people's welfare.

3) (2022年新高考全国I卷D篇) They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.

(   )Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

4) (2021年新高考全国I卷C篇)Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).

(   )What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?

A. Loss of wetlands.     

B. Popularity of water sports.

C. Pollution of rivers.   

D. Arrival of other wild animals.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

通过提炼总结听力和阅读中非谓语常用考查形式，学生能更加理解动词不定式表目的和现在分词表结果的使用方式。

3） 给出高考原文片段，让学生进行自主命题。

Activity 5: Try to set appropriate questions

Section1: (2021年新高考全国I卷 听力) The last suggestion is to read aloud. Now you’ve got the correct pronunciations of the words, it’s time to practice reading them every day.

Question: ____________________________________________________________

Section 2: (2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生选考试题 D篇) But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.

Question: ____________________________________________________________

 [设计意图]

学生自主命题，可以进一步灵活运用非谓语的使用方法，加强对其的理解

3. 第三次进阶（赏析与使用）： 赏析与运用非谓语动词句型

1） 教师让学生比较两组句式，选取较好的句式，并解释原因。

Activity 6: compare the sentences and choose the better one.

Group A:

(S1): She stood in the bitter cold air, and somehow didn’t feel cold at all.

(S2): Standing in the bitter cold air, she didn’t feel cold at all.

Group B:

(S3): He was filled with pleasure and walked home quickly.

(S4): Filled with pleasure, he walked home quickly.

[设计意图]

通过对比赏析，培养学生的非谓语动词的语感和审美能力。

2）教师让学生通过使用现在分词或过去分词做状语，完成句子串联游戏。

Activity 7: use “verb-ing”, or “verb-ed” as adverbial structures to make sentences! 

Beginning: On the 9th of January, I entered this classroom.

Entering this classroom,…

…

(use the requirement to make sentence chains)

Ending: ______________________, I have confidence in learning non-predicate verbs well.

[设计意图]

以游戏的形式进行句子串联，能够让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中提高学生非谓语语法的运用能力。

步骤三：解决问题

1）教师再次让学生回答刚开始提出的三个问题，并形成非谓语动词知识导图。

[设计意图]

思维导图能够快速让学生回顾和总结本节课所学非谓语动词内容。

2）教师让学生完成一篇应用文写作片段，要求使用非谓语句型。

Activity 8: write an article, using as many non-predicate verbs as possible

(2023年新高考全国I卷 应用文)假定你是李华，外教Ryan准备将学生随机分为两人一组，让大家课后练习口语，你认为这样分组存在问题。请你给外教写一封邮件，说明问题。

 Dear Ryan，

I’m Li Hua from Class 3. I think it’s not a good idea to randomly pair up students for the spoken English training after class. The reasons are as follows. _____________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

My suggestion is to group students based on their language abilities or to let students choose their own partners. This way, everyone can feel more comfortable practicing and improving their spoken English together.

Thank you for considering my suggestion.

[设计意图]

要求学生使用非谓语句型完成应用文写作，进一步让学生熟悉和掌握非谓语动词的使用规则，增强学生的语言表达能力和写作技巧。

3) 教师让学生完成评价量表

Items	Scores
I can conclude forms and rules of non-predicate verbs and employ them in the rational cloze
I can summarize rules of non-predicate verbs in reading and listening comprehension and apply them in the exercise
I can make sentences by using non-predicate verbs
I will use non-predicate verbs in writing
1=improvement     2=not bad     3=satisfactory      4=good       5=excellent

[设计意图]

通过完成评价量表，学生可以反思学习中的优点和不足。

4）布置如下作业：

       a.  polish your writing

       b.  Finish the exercise sheet

Exercise Sheet 1.    Determine the components in the following sentences. a.      (2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生选考试题) However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra to benefit from price reductions doesn’t make sense.               ­___________ b.     (2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生选考试题) Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份). ­___________ c.      (2023年新高考全国I卷 A篇) We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including      basic bikes with foot brake(刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.                                                 ___________ d.      (2021年新高考全国I卷 应用文) From then on, I became one of its keen readers, never missing a single issue of it.                                                    ___________ e.      (2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生选考试题 读后续写) As the sun cast its rays, the girl noticed how the shadows created patterns on the ground, guiding her path.              ___________ 2.    Finish the sentences by using non-predicate verbs. a.      (2021年新高考全国I卷 读后续写)                         (看到厨房里一团糟), he immediately understood what had happened, but he wasn’t upset. b.     (2021年新高考全国I卷 读后续写) Instead, he applied some medicine to Jeff’s hand, and then set out                          （帮助他们收拾残局）, throwing away the burnt toast. c.      (2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生选考试题 应用文) This simple routine involves ________                                                                            （从办公桌上站起来，伸展手臂、腿和背部，深呼吸几次。）. d.      (2022年新高考全国I卷 读后续写)                       （听到我的话）, David turned to me tremblingly,                         （泪水夺眶而出） and expressed he had made a firm determination to finish the cross-country run. 3.    Translate the following paragraphs. At least Use five non-predicate verbs. 在宫廷生活，甄嬛面临了无数的困难与挑战，但她始终以勇敢、坚韧的态度应对，绝不轻言放弃，对自身的能力充满信心并积极追求心中目标。 作为高中生的我们，面对复杂繁琐的非谓语动词语法规则，也应向甄嬛学习，坚定信念，勇往直前，攻克难关。我深信，只要我们坚持不懈，就一定能够成功啃下这块“硬骨头”，为我们高考的胜利打下稳固的基础！

[设计意图]

通过修改课堂作文练习以及完成非谓语动词练习讲义，学生能够巩固课堂所学内容、再次在实践中运用非谓语动词，从而进一步提高学生非谓语动词的学习掌握情况。

五、循证说明

本次课例是基于前一次课堂观察的进阶版。

第一次本人设置了语法课的主题语境，以《甄嬛传》主人公甄嬛的成长历程为依托，融合了高考真题，在具体语境中复习非谓语动词。但“甄嬛传主题语境不能够吸引学生学习兴趣，大部分同学对此不太熟悉，以至于学生导入部分热情不高，互动较少（学生观察组）”，因此本人在第二次教案设计中不再采用甄嬛传的主题语境，而是以“问题驱动”为导向，通过采访视频以及现场提问，让学生对非谓语在高考中的考查形式有大致的概念，同时帮助学生意识到使用非谓语动词的重要性。

除了主题语境的更改，本人在第二次教案设计中加入了许多学生活动，例如“竞争游戏”、“句子串联”等。主要是由于第一次“输出方式主要以学生口头形，学生活动较为单一（学生观察组）”的原因。

本人删除了一稿中的迁移目标“建立学习非谓语动词的信心”，是因为“对于该迁移目标的达成情况无法在课堂观察中体现（目标迁移）”。鉴于此，第二次教案设计本人将迁移目标定位“树立在书面表达中正确使用非谓语句型的意识”，并以教学评价表格的形式，让学生对非谓语动词使用意识进行评估。