定语从句

一、语法知识分析

1. 形式：

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例句
关系 副词	when	时间	时间状语	I remember the time when I met her for the first time.
	where	地点	地点状语	He wants to find the place where he worked 10 years ago.
	why	原因	原因状语	This is the reason why he refused our help.

2. 意义： 定语从句（Attributive Clause）在句子中起到一个非常重要的修饰和限定的作用。其主要意义在于为句子中的某个名词或代词（被修饰的词语，称为“先行词”）提供额外的信息，以便读者或听者能够更准确地理解该名词或代词的特定含义、范围或属性。

以下是定语从句的几个主要意义：

具体描述：通过定语从句，我们可以为先行词提供更具体、更详细的描述。

限定范围：定语从句可以限制先行词所指代的事物的范围。

解释说明：有时，定语从句可以为先行词提供必要的解释或背景信息，以帮助读者或听者更好地理解句子的含义。

情感色彩：在某些情况下，定语从句还可以为句子增添情感色彩。

3. 使用：

① 考试要求：

在语篇中理解定语从句的基本概念和分类；

在语篇中理解和使用定语从句中的关系代词；

在语篇中理解和使用定语从句中的关系副词；

在语篇中理解和使用定语从句的特殊用法。

②定语从句： 在历年英语高考中，对定语从句的考查主要出现在阅读理解和语法填空中。同时，学生也可以运用在应用文写作和读后续写中传达意义，取得更好的表达效果。本课例基于历年高考真题，采用了以语言运用为导向的“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观：在语境中呈现的语法知识、在语境中指导学生观察所学语法项目的使用场合、表达形式、基本意义和语用功能，并通过高考真题练习巩固所学语法知识，在语境中帮助学生学会应用定语从句来理解和表达意义。

二、学情分析

授课对象为某四星级高中高三（4）班，共有49名学生。尽管该班学生的语法基础尚可，能够基本掌握定语从句的形式和意义，但在实际语篇应用中，他们对定语从句的使用规则缺乏深刻理解。特别是在区分定语从句的关系副词、特殊用法时，学生们表现出明显的困惑。此外，学生们虽然知道定语从句在高考语篇语法填空题型中会被考查，却不能在阅读理解中运用定语从句分析长难句，且多数同学在写作中缺乏恰当灵活使用定语从句的能力。为了提升学生们在定语从句方面的应用能力，需要进一步加强他们在不同语境下的实践训练，并深化对定语从句功能的理解。

三、迁移目标

课前通过分析学生定语从句专题训练讲义上的错误，以及各种考试呈现的书面表达作品中，发现：学生对于定语从句的关系代词、关系副词在句子中如何选择感到困惑，并缺乏定语从句的运用意识。基于此，结合对《普通高中英语课程标准》和学生学情，本课迁移重点为在学生掌握定语从句用法的基础上，在书面表达中灵活运用定语从句。

在本课学习结束时，学生能够：

1. 提升在语篇中正确使用定语从句的意识。

2. 准确分析语篇中关于定语从句长难句

3. 通过三次迁移进阶的教学活动，恰当地运用名定语从句在写作中进行描述观点（应用文）和事件（读后续写）

四、迁移实施过程

步骤一：提出问题

1.教师向学生展示学生习作的截屏，让学生找出其中存在的问题：未能正确灵活地使用定语从句。

教师展现本节课迁移目标：

1. 提升在语篇中正确使用定语从句的意识。

2. 准确分析语篇中关于定语从句长难句。

3. 通过三次迁移进阶的教学活动，恰当地运用名定语从句在写作中进行描述观点（应用文）和事件（读后续写）

[设计意图]

通过学生习作展示，讨论分析定语从句中存在的问题。学生在回答问题时的欠缺能使他们形成学习紧迫感，提高学生的学习积极性。最后通过展现本堂课的教学目标，学生能够精确学习方向，学习有聚焦，便于学生进行评估和反馈。

步骤二：分析问题

1. 第一次进阶：结合语法填空中的定语从句，复习定语从句的基本用法（形式）

1） 给出高考真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出语法填空定语从句常用考点。

Activity 1: Find out the attributive clause and tell the component that acts in a sentence

（1）（八省联考语法填空）It can be easy to let a particular school become a front-runner early on during your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice--but be sure to carefully evaluate every school that has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.

（2）（2021新高考全国II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company which/that used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.

（3）（2022新高考全国I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

2） 竞争游戏：使用定语从句翻译句子。

Activity 2: Translate sentences with attributive clauses

我从图书馆借的这本书很有趣。

她就是头发很长的那个女孩。

教我们英语的老师非常和蔼。

我喜欢我昨晚看的那部电影。

你知道他上课迟到的原因吗？

我们举办派对的地方很美。

我永远不会忘记我第一次见到你的那一天。

我刚刚与之交谈的那个人是我的新朋友。

3） 分小组根据句子翻译练习讨论定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的常用用法。

a. The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.

b. She is the girl whose hair is very long.

c. The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.

d. I like the movie that I saw last night.

e. Do you know the reason why he was late for class?

f. The place where we held the party was beautiful.

g. I will never forget the day when I first met you.

h. The person whom I talked to just now is my new friend.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

通过讨论、游戏竞争、探究等环节，让学生掌握定语从句在语法填空中的常用考点，从而掌握定语从句常见的形式和不同使用意义和功能。

2. 第二次进阶：听力和阅读中的定语从句（意义）

1） 给出高考听力真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出听力中定语从句常见的使用情况。

Activity 4: finish the following task and conclude rules

Listening comprehension

1)(九省联考听力)When I look back, I feel fortunate to have chosen college and particularly science, through which I have rediscovered myself and achieved liberation.

2)(2022新高考全国II卷 听力)W: It’s a thank-you note from our neighbor. They thank us for visiting them last week when the baby was born. They also invite us to have dinner next Friday.

Q：What did the speakers do last week?

A. They had a celebration dinner.

B. They went to see a newborn baby.

C. They sent a mail to their neighbors.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

2） 给出高考阅读理解真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出阅读理解中定语从句常见的使用情况。

Reading comprehension

1)(2022新高考全国II卷B篇)He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.

Q：Why did the kid poke the storybook?

A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.

C. He was angry with his grandpa.    D. He wanted to read it by himself.

2)(2023新高考全国II卷B篇)And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low—income schools. Q: What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?

A. She used to be a health worker.

B. She grew up in a low income family.

C. She owns a fast food restaurant.

D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.

3)(2021年全国新高考一卷B篇)Each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner

4)(2021年全国新高考一卷C篇)A political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.

5)(2021年全国新高考一卷D篇)It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.

6)(2021年全国新高考一卷七选五)That is the only French phrase I mastered, and it’s a shame I don’t have much use for it.

7)(2021年全国新高考一卷完型)So seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.

8)(2022年全国新高考一卷B篇)In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.

9)(2022年全国新高考一卷D篇)The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings

10)(2023年全国新高考一卷B篇)A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.

Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

通过提炼总结听力和阅读中定语从句常用考查形式，学生能更加理解定语从句关系代词和关系副词的使用方式。

3） 给出高考原文片段，让学生进行自主命题。

Activity 5: Try to set appropriate questions

Section1: (2022新高考全国II卷B篇)He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.

Question: ____________________________________________________________

Section 2: (八省联考阅读理解D篇)As the researchers report in Animal Behavior, the bears did best with patterns where the coloured dots did not move and where more of them also took up a larger coloured area.

Question: ____________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

学生自主命题，可以进一步灵活运用定语从句的使用方法，加强对其的理解

3. 第三次进阶（赏析与使用）：

1） 教师让学生比较两组句式，选取较好的句式，并解释原因。

Activity 6: compare the sentences and choose the better one.

Group A:

(S1): The girl, who is standing in the corner, is my cousin. She is very shy and doesn't like to be in the spotlight.

(S2): The girl is my cousin. She is standing in the corner, and she is very shy and doesn't like to be in the spotlight.

Group B:

(S3): The day when I first visited the Great Wall was unforgettable. The magnificent view left a deep impression on me.

(S4): I first visited the Great Wall on a day that was unforgettable. The magnificent view of the Wall left a deep impression on me.

[设计意图]

通过对比赏析感悟，对实例中的句子进行观察、分析、归纳名词性从句的构成特点，掌握语用规律，有效引领学生运用名词性从句进行创作和表达。

2）定语从句扩句接力游戏。

Activity 7: Use attributive clauses to expand sentences!

游戏规则：

将学生分成若干小组，每组4-5人。

老师在黑板上写出一个基础句子，例如：“The girl _______ is my friend.”（空白处需要填写一个定语从句）

每组选出一名代表，站在黑板前准备接力。

老师开始计时，并说出第一个定语从句，如：“who sits in the front row”。

每组的代表需要迅速将这个定语从句添加到黑板上的基础句子中，形成完整的句子：“The girl who sits in the front row is my friend.”

接着，老师给出第二个定语从句，如：“who likes reading books”。

每组的下一位代表需要迅速在句子后面添加这个定语从句，并继续接力，如：“The girl who sits in the front row and likes reading books is my friend.”

游戏继续进行，老师不断给出新的定语从句，学生依次接力添加，直到老师宣布游戏结束。

在游戏过程中，如果某个代表在规定时间内无法完成添加或添加错误，该组将被暂停一轮，其他组可以继续接力。

游戏结束后，根据各组的完成情况和句子的正确性，评选出最佳团队。

3）教师让学生分组合作形成定语从句知识导图。

[设计意图]

以游戏的形式进行句子扩充，能够让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中提高学生定语从句的运用能力。让学生分组总结定语从句的使用规则能够帮助学生更好的消化相关知识点。

步骤三：解决问题写作中的定语从句（使用）

1）  教师让学生分组合作再次修改课前呈现的学生习作。

[设计意图]

再次尝试着来解决平时习作中出现的定语从句语法问题能够快速让学生回顾和总结本节课所学定语从句内容。

2）教师让学生完成一篇应用文写作片段，要求使用两句定语从句句型。并使用评价量表进行学生互评。

Activity 8: write an article, using as many non-predicate verbs as possible

(2024南通四模)学校英文报正在开展以 How to manage after-school time 为题的讨论。请使用图表中的 调查结果写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：

1．图表描述；

2．简单评论；

3．你的建议。

注意：

1. 写作词数应为 80 左右;

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

How to manage after-school time

Items	Scores
I can conclude forms and rules of non-predicate verbs and employ them in the rational cloze
I can summarize rules of non-predicate verbs in reading and listening comprehension and apply them in the exercise
I can make sentences by using non-predicate verbs
I will use non-predicate verbs in writing
1=improvement 2=not bad 3=satisfactory 4=good 5=excellent

[设计意图]

要求学生使用定语从句完成应用文写作，进一步让学生熟悉和掌握定语从句的使用规则，增强学生的语言表达能力和写作技巧。通过同伴互评互相学习，互相督促，让学生知道自己的不足之处加以努力。

3）布置如下作业：

a.  Fill in the blanks according to the rules of the attributive clause

Isaac Asimov was an American scientist and writer1wrote around 480 books 2included mystery stories, science and history books, and even books about the Bible and about Shakespeare. But his best known work was his science fiction stories. Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination 3 gave him the ability to explore future worlds and an amazing mind with4he searched for explanations of everything, in the present and the past.

Asimov’s life began in Russia5he was born on 2 January, 1920. It ended in New York on 6 April, 1992 6he died as a result of an HIV infection 7_he had got from a blood transfusion nine years earlier.

8 Asimov was three, he moved to New York with his family. There his parents bought a candy store _9 hey ran for the next 40 or so years. At the age of nine, ___10__ his mother was pregnant with her third child, Isaac started working in the candy store.

1、____________    2、____________    3、____________    4、____________    5、____________

6、____________    7、____________    8、____________    9、____________    10、____________

b.  Find and correct the ten errors in the following passage

A Day at the University: A Story with Grammatical Challenges

As I walked through the campus of my university, I encountered several scenes that painted a vivid picture of academic life. The library, which is a place where students often study late into the night, was bustling with activity. Rows of desks, which filled with books and laptops, told tales of long hours spent pursuing knowledge.

Passing by the lecture hall, I noticed a professor, who his lecture captivated the entire class. His passion for the subject matter was evident, as he explained complex concepts in a manner that everyone could comprehend. I was particularly intrigued by the way he used analogies, that made the lessons come alive.

Moving on, I stumbled upon a group of friends, who they were discussing their future plans over lunch. Some dreamed of pursuing higher studies abroad, while others aspired to start their own businesses. The optimism and enthusiasm in their voices were contagious, and I couldn't help but feel inspired by their ambitions.

Later in the afternoon, I attended a debate club meeting, where the topic of discussion was the impact of technology on society. The arguments presented by both sides were compelling, but I found myself particularly drawn to the speaker, whose arguments were supported by solid evidence and logical reasoning. He had a way of articulating his thoughts, which left a lasting impression on everyone in the room.

As the day drew to a close, I found myself reflecting on all the experiences I had. The university, that it has provided me with countless opportunities for growth and learning, has truly become a second home. The friends I've made, the lessons I've learned, and the memories I've created will stay with me forever.

[设计意图]

通过定语从句填空和阅读改错，学生能够巩固课堂所学内容、反思学习中的优点和不足，从而培养学生的自主学习能力和良好的学习习惯。

五、循证说明

本次课例是基于前一次课堂观察的进阶版。

第一次本人设置了语法课的主题语境，以中国书法发展历程为依托，融合了高考真题，在具体语境中复习定语从句的用法。但“书法主题语境不能够吸引学生学习兴趣，大部分同学对此不太熟悉，以至于学生导入部分热情不高，互动较少（学生观察组）”，因此本人在第二次教案设计中不再采用书法的主题语境，而是以“问题驱动”为导向，通过分析展示学生问题、归纳句子结构以及现场问题链引导，让学生对定语从句在高考中的考查形式有大致的概念，同时帮助学生意识到使用定语从句的重要性并尝试在写作中主动使用定语从句。

本人删除了一稿中的迁移目标“建立学习定语从句的信心”，是因为“对于该迁移目标的达成情况无法在课堂观察中体现（目标迁移）”。鉴于此，第二次教案设计本人将迁移目标定位“树立在书面表达中正确使用定语从句的意识”，并以教学评价表格的形式，让学生对定语从句使用意识进行评估。