专题四 阅读转述（paraphrase)技能与迁移

PARAPHRASE  to express what sb has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand   (用更容易理解的文字) 解释, 释义, 意译。用一句话概括，Paraphrasing即是用词不同，但表达的意思相同。以下分两部分来展示。

 

一、英语阅读中部分同义词替换

1.        强调：emphasis, stress, underline, highlight

2.        鼓励：encourage, inspire, excite, stimulate

3.        敌人：enemy, foe, opponent, rival

4.        力量：energy, force, power, might, strength, vigor

5.        增强：enhance, heighten, intensify, aggravate, promote, boost, strengthen, facilitate

6.        扩大：enlarge, amplify, expand, magnify, multiply, augment

7.        巨大的：enormous, huge, immense, vast, considerable, sizable

8.        保证：ensure, insure, assure, guarantee, pledge, promise, warrant

9.        娱乐：entertain, amuse

10.     环境：environment, surroundings, circumstance

11.     平等的：equal, equivalent

12.     逃避：escape, flee, get away, run away

13.     重要的：essential, indispensable, necessary, needful

14.     建立：establish, construct, build, found

15.     评估：estimate, assess, evaluate, value, rate

16.     永恒的：eternal, everlasting, perpetual, permanent

17.     事件：event, incident, accident, occurrence

18.     夸大：exaggerate, overestimate, overvalue, overrate

19.     筋疲力尽的：exhausted, tired, weary

20.     展示：exhibition, show, exposition, fair, display

21.     2扩展：expand, extend, stretch, spread

22.     解释：explain, interpret, exemplify, illustrate, clarify, account for

23.     延伸：extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong

24.     外部的：external, exterior, outer, outside, outward

25.     公平的：fair, impartial, just, reasonable, even

26.     信任，信念：faith, belief, confidence, conviction, credit, trust

27.     忠诚的：faithful, loyal

28.     倒塌：fall, collapse, crash, tumble

29.     名誉：fame, honor, reputation, glory, prestige，credit

30.     熟悉的：familiar, intimate, close

31.     饥荒：famine, hunger, starvation

32.     遥远的：far, distant, remote, a long way

33.     时尚：fashion, style, vogue, popularity

34.     快速的：fast, rapid, quick, quickly, soon, swift, hasty, prompt, instant

35.     致命的：fatal, deadly, mortal

36.     命运：fate, fortune, destiny, luck

37.     幸运的：favorable, fortunate, happy, lucky

38.     害怕：fear, anxiety, scare, horror, dismay, dread, fright, alarm, terror, worry, concern，apprehension

39.     可怕的：fearful, frightful, frighten, terrible, terrific, horrible, horrify, formidable, tremendous, afraid, intimidate

40.     切实可行的：feasible, possible, practicable, practical

41.     特征：features, characteristics, style

42.     感情：feeling, emotion, passion, sensation, sense, perception, sentiment

43.     多产的：fertile, productive

44.     激烈的：fierce, savage, violent

45.     形态：figure, pattern, design

46.     完成：finish, complete, accomplish, end, achieve, effect, fulfil

47.     坚固的：firm, hard, solid, stable, steady

48.     合适的：fit, proper, suitable, appropriate, apt, fitting

49.     解决：fix, settle, establish

50.     旗帜：flag, banner

51.     闪闪发光：flash, gleam, glitter, sparkle, glow, twinkle

52.     逃跑：flee, fly, escape, run away, get away

53.     灵活的：flexible, elastic, plastic

54.     一群：flock, herd, pack, swarm, school

55.     繁荣：flourish, thrive, succeed, prosper（prosperous）

56.     流淌：flow, pour, stream, run

57.     烟雾：fog, mist, smog

58.     褶皱：fold, wrinkle

59.     禁止：forbid, prohibit, ban, inhibit

60.     预测：forecast, foretell, predict, foresee

61.     改变：change , switch, alter, transform, adjust, modify

62.     树林：forest, woods, jungle, plantation, bushes

63.     重要：significant, critical, vital, indispensable, crucial, essential, decisive, conclusive

64.     忘记：forget, leave, omit, neglect, overlook, disregard, ignore, regardless

65.     形成：form, body, build, shape, outline, figure

66.     向前：forwards, forth, ahead

67.     坦白的：frank, open, plain, blunt, honest, sincere, straightforward

68.     释放：free, liberate, release, discharge

69.     自由：freedom, liberty, independence

70.     朋友：friend, mate, acquaintance, pal

71.     有好的：friendly, agreeable, kind, cordial

72.     提升：further, advance, promote, contribute, push, improve, proceed, progress

73.     裂缝：gap, break, crack, gulf

74.     衣服：garment, clothing, costume, dress

75.     看：gaze, glare, stare, peer, glance

76.     创造：generate, produce, create, originate, invent, design, devise， concoct,contrive

77.     慷慨的：generous, liberal

78.     天才：genius, intelligence, talent, wit, wisdom

79.     温和的：gentle, mild, moderate, soft, tender

80.     真实的：genuine, actual, authentic, real, true, factual

81.     细菌：germ, bacteria, virus, microbe, bug

82.     获得：get, acquire, attain, obtain, gain, secure

83.     礼物：gift, present, souvenir, tip

84.     女孩：girl, maid, maiden, daughter

85.     给予：give, accord, award, confer, grant, endow, present, send

86.     利用：use, utilize, employ, apply

87.     回顾：go over, review

88.     美德：goodness, integrity, morality, purity, virtue

89.     货物：goods, merchandise, ware, freight, commodity

90.     伟大的：grand, magnificent, splendid, noble

91.     抓住：grasp, hold, seize

92.     感激的：grateful, appreciative, thankful

93.     油脂：grease, fat, oil

94.     打招呼：greet, salute, hail, welcome

95.     悲伤：grief, sorrow, distress, misery, agony, anguish

96.     组成：consist, compose, constitute

97.     抓住：grip, clasp, grasp, hold, seize

98.     呻吟：groan, moan, sob, sigh

99.     一群人：group, crowd, gang, band, mob, throng, masses, swarm

100.  习俗：habit, custom, manners, usage, practice, convention, tradition

101.  暂停：pause, halt, stop, suspend

102.  发生：happen, occur, chance, take place，emerge

103.  高兴地：happy, glad, cheerful, joyful, merry, delightful, gay, pleasant, nice, jolly, agreeable

104.  几乎不：hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely

105.  相关的：related, relative, linked, hooked

106.  和谐：harmony, agreement, unity, accord

107.  驾驭：harness, control, tame, dominate

108.  加速：hasten, speed, hurry, dash, rush, quicken

109.  憎恨：hate, disgust, dislike

110.  骄傲的：haughty, proud, arrogant, vain，haughty，supercilious，cocky

111.  处理：handle, tackle, dispose, solve, deal with, cope with, work through

112.  健康的：healthy, healthful, wholesome, sound, well, strong, vigorous, fit

113.  积累：heap, accumulate, pile, stack

114.  举起：heave, raise, lift, hoist, heighten

115.  可用的：usable, available, accessible

116.  谦逊的：unpretentious, modest

117.  强调：highlight, stress, emphasize, underline

118.  山：hill, mount, mountain, range, peak, volcano

119.  阻碍：hinder, prevent, block, bar

120.  暗示：hint, implication, suggestion, indication

121.  高估：overestimate, overvalue, overrate

122.  设计：design, devise, create, innovate

123.  开始：dawn, start, begin, initially

124.  绝望:hopeless, desperate, despairing

125.  房屋：house, building, dwelling, shelter, habitation, home, residence, family

126.  巨大的：huge, enormous, immense, giant, gigantic, vast, massive, tremendous， extensive

127.  卑微：humble, humiliate, degrade, disgrace

128.  寻找：hunt, explore, track, seek

129.  假设：hypothesis, assumption, presumption, supposition

130.  想法：idea, concept, conception, thought, notion, impression

131.  识别：identify, recognize, make out

132.  忽视：ignore, discount, disregard, pay no attention to, turn a deaf ear, neglect, overlook, slight

133.  想象力：imagination, fancy, fantasy, supposition

134.  想象：imagine, guess, suppose, conceive

135.  模仿：imitation, fake, copy, duplication

136.  破坏：destroy, ruin, damage, hurt, wreck, demolish

137.  推动力：drive, encouragement, incentive (stimulus, motivation; intention, purpose, cause, motive)

138.  暗示：imply, mean, indicate, suggest, denote, signify, hint

139.  欺骗：dupe, cheat, trick, deceive

140.  提升：improve, better, perfect, refine, mend

141.  包含：include, contain, embody, comprise, compose, consist, comprehend

142.  增加：increase, augment, add to, multiply

143.  不可或缺的：indispensable, essential, necessary

144.  导致：induce, cause, stimulate, trigger

145.  吸引：absorb, attract, tempt, lure, appeal

146.  有传染性的：infectious, catching

147.  推断：infer, deduce, conclude, gather, judge

148.  告知：inform, acquaint, notify, advise

149.  信息：information, data, message, knowledge, learning

150.  内在的：inner, inside, interior, internal, inward

151.  创新：innovation (=reformation, creation, renovation), invention, novelty

152.  探索：inquiry, investigation, research, survey, exploitation

153.  坚持：insist, persist, persevere, cling, stick

154.  保证：insurance, assurance

155.  正直：integrity, honesty, justice

156.  干预：interfere, interrupt, intervene

157.  介绍：introduce（=import 引进）, present, recommend

158.  发明：invent, create, devise, design

159.  颠倒：invert, reverse

160.  调查：investigation, examination, inquiry

161.  孤立：isolate, separate, segregate, insulate

162.  联合：join, combine, unite, connect, link, attach, couple, associate, relate, take part in

163.  判断： judgement, discrimination, sense

164.  跳跃：jump, leap, spring, hop, bound, skip

165.  公平的：just, fair

 

二、阅读理解中的同义转换  

例1 What he liked above all was the feeling of “being enveloped by the trail, being embraced by the closeness of the vegetation and the nearness of the river. I was walking where Native people had walked for thousands of years and where miners had walked on their way to gold.” 南通二模阅读B）

25. What did Campbell discover while keeping his wife company on a trail run?

A. The joy of being out in the wild.                 B. The hardships of Native people.

C. The pleasure of gold mining.       、、D. The mysteries of nature.

 

例2 What is a Master Gardener?

A master gardener is a citizen that is interested in gardening and can fulfill the training and volunteer hours necessary. Requirements vary by county and state, and the course is tailored for that specific region. You will receive special education on the soils in your area, the types of native plants，insect and disease issues，basic botany，and other information pertinent（相关的）to your gardening zone.

The educational opportunity to learn specifics about where you garden will not only help you become a better gardener but is then passed along to the general public in lectures, clinics, and through newsletters.

21.What does a Master Gardener do? 

        A. Promote gardening practices abroad.       

    B. Train volunteers to help with agriculture.

        C. Teach the youth about diets and agriculture.

    D. Donate time to the local gardening extension. 

 

例3 It studied millions of job postings to better understand the skills companies require. What they discovered was that many want workers with experience in such new abilities as big-data gathering and analytic, or design using digital technology.

28. Why did the company research into job advertisements?

        A. To understand the growth of best paid workers.

       B. To compare workers' experience with new abilities.

        C. To find out companies' requirements about skills.

        D. To tell the possible changes in future job market.

 

例4 Using a set of controlled audio clips (录音片段), Hilton surveyed 5, 000 American English speakers to better understand what affects people's perceptions of interruptions. She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt. (四省2月联考阅读D)

32. What does Hilton's research focus on?

        A. What interruptions mean to people.            B. Whether interruption is good or not.

        C. How to avoid getting interrupted.             D. Why speakers interrupt each other.

 

例5 One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs (刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. However, eating pumpkin is harmful to their little hedgehog stomachs, leading to diarrhea (腹泻) and dehydration. This means they may struggle to put on weight, and in some cases can even be fatal.

25. Why do hedgehogs try to eat so many pumpkins in early November?

A. To enjoy the sweet food.                B. To fill their stomachs.

C. To prepare for the winter.              D. To improve their health.

 

例6 Using the power of artificial intelligence (AI), scientists have revealed new insights into the creation and destruction of mass extinction. Contrary to conventional knowledge, their study suggests that larger extinctions are not always a form of “creative destruction” that allows new organisms to radiate (向周围辐射) and evolve. Instead, it suggests that mass extinction is rarely associated with new species of radiation.

35．What is the text mainly about?

        A．A new understanding of mass extinction.

        B．The processes of biological evolution.

        C．Animal species with modern physical features

        D．The relationship between mass extinction and radiation

 

例7 （周报30期应用文）Here’s a fun fact: The English Garden is bigger than Hyde Park, the largest of the four Loyal Parks, making it one of the largest inner-city parks in the world.

23. What is interesting about the English Garden?

   A. It has a Japanese teahouse.

   B. It is the biggest inner-city park on earth.

   C. It belongs to the Royal Parks.

   D. It is larger than a major park in London.

例8

 

答案：

例一A；例二D；例三C；例四A; 例五C；例六A；例七D

8.