二轮复习微专题：阅读理解之主旨大意
教师所在学校： 江阴市祝塘中学 学科： 英语 开课年级： 高三 课型： 阅读专题课
【 课标要求】
根据2017高中英语课程标准，对阅读能力的要求主要有以下几个方面：
1．理解文本主题和细节：学生应能够通过阅读理解文本的主题和中心思想，并能够获取关键细节和相关信息。
2．理解词汇和词语搭配：学生应能够理解词汇的意义和用法，并能正确运用词语搭配，理解和运用常见的词汇短语、习惯用语、语法结构等。
3．掌握阅读策略和技巧：学生应能够运用各种阅读策略和技巧，如预测、推测、判断、归纳、比较等，提高阅读理解的能力。
本堂课要探讨的主旨大意题就是体现第一个能力要求
【 学习目标】
1. identify question forms about the main idea
2. learn to find the topic sentence in a paragraph or a passage
3. learn to find key words in a paragraph or a passage
4. learn to find out the best title of a passage based on some strategies
5. learn to find out the purpose of the author based on different types of passage
【 教学重难点】
1. how to help students find out the topic sentence of a paragraph or a passage
2. how to help students get the main idea according to key words
3. how to help students get the best title of a passage
4. how to help students understand different purposes of different types of passage
【 教学过程】
Step1. Lead-in:
Listen to a rap about main idea.
Step2．The interpretation
主旨大意题是阅读理解当中失分最多的题。该题型考察的是对文章深层次的理解，着重培养考生准确找寻或概括归纳主旨大意的能力，以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。
Step3. Analysis of examination
Step4. Examination method
Choose the question forms about the main idea of a paragraph or a passage:
文章段落大意类 最佳标题类 作者意图类
——————— —————— ——————
1.The main idea/topic of the passage is ________.
2. What is the passage mainly about?
3.The passage could be entitled__________.
4. For what purpose does the author mention ...?
5.The best title/headline for this passage might be_____.
6. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
7.What is the best title for the passage?
8.The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____.
Step 5： Read, analyze and conclude
技巧1：文章段落大意之寻找主题句（topic sentence）
Please find out the topic sentences of the following paragraphs
例1:
People have different tastes in food. For example: Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.
例2:
Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic(民主的) discussion type of class. So no one teaching method can be designed to satisfy all students at the same time.
例3:
Nothing is as useful as a flashlight（手电筒） on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions(发明) are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
例4:
①Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
②People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is…
③There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
④At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
技巧2：文章段落大意之寻找高频词（key words）
例5:
①The need to feed…With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the idea of a water shortage seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world’s agricultural industries experience constant water shortages .
②Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution are very high.... Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.
③This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation. In Texas, farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed.
The text is mainly about________.
A. water supply and increasing population
B. water use management and agriculture
C. water redistribution and wildlife protection
D. water shortages and environmental protection
总结归纳：
1.______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
技巧3：文章大意之最佳标题（best/suitable title）
例6---Exposition 说明文
① You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans-between 4.8and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
② At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse”, a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
...
⑤Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculpture
例7---Narration (记叙文)
①I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember Mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant w ay the words sounded.
②I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing Mom say, “I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning," made me wan t to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I w anted to be like my mom and know all of the thing s she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
③This is how everyone learned to read. We would s tart off with sentences, then paragraphs, and t hen stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When Mom s aid, “The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf,"I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
④Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
⑤Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new I character.In these worlds I can become anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
⑥We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
What could be the best title for the passage?
A. The Magic of Reading
B. The Pleasure of Reading
C.Growing Up with Reading
D. Reading Makes a Full Man
归纳总结：
四大特性
文章标题 干扰项特点
解题方法
技巧4：作者意图题（why; purpose）
例8---应用文
Once Upon a Wish shares the wishes and stories of eight children. These families generously invite us into their worlds, ---------------
Price: $9.99 /
Where to download:---
Category: Biographies & Memoirs/
Published: Mar 05, 2013
Publisher: BenBella Books, Inc.
Seller: The Perseus Books Group, LLC
Print Length: 352Pages
Language: English
The purpose of this article is to ___________________________
归纳总结：
作者意图题
文体推断法
Step 6：Summary and homework
Please summarize what we have learned in this class and finish the consolidation practice（见附页）.
【 学后反思】
附页：Consolidation practice（巩固练习）
巩固练习1 ---文章段落大意类 （2021新高考1卷 D篇）
①Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional（情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
②We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
③Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis（重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
④Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
巩固练习2 ---文章段落大意类 （2021年八省联考 B篇）
①In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods?
② After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain.
③A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions（排放）of carbon dioxide（CO2）from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and breakdown.
④Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances（设备）that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.
24. What is the text mainly about? （ ）
A. What appliances to buy to save energy.
B. What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C. How to identify different carbon footprints.
D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
巩固练习3---最佳标题类 （2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷6月）B篇）
① We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen-any screen -and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
② In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
③ "Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
④ Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children
巩固练习4---作者意图题
①Like little turtles with limbs poking out from their shells, kids shuffle their way to school every day wearing giant backpacks. Even high school students have to bend forward o lug their heavy books and binders to and from school.It's frustrating and looks a little silly, but is it dangerous?
②Yes, say many experts. “Kids are saying 'My back hurts, my neck and my shoulders hurt',” says Dr Karen Jacobs. “A heavy backpack can also contribute to headaches and problems concentrating at school.”
③Jacobs says crowded schools and less locker space may be making backpacks bigger. “Since at least 1998, we've noticed backpacks getting bigger and heavier, and not in proportion to the kids' sizes," Jacobs says.
④A study concluded, “Backpack loads are responsible for a significant amount of back pain in children.” The same study says a full third of kids ages 11 to 14 report back pain. Other research from 2011 came to a similar conclusion.
...
8. For what purpose does the author mention the little turtles?
A .To give examples
B. To introduce the topic
C. To describe the movement of the turtles
D. To tell us the upset feelings of the turtles
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