虚拟语气
一、语法知识分析
1. 形式：
类别 |
用法 |
|
If 引导的条件从句 |
与现在事实相反 |
从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
与过去事实相反 |
从句动词：had+ 过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 |
|
与将来事实相反 |
从句动词：过去式/ should+动词原形/ were +不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
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2. 意义：虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说的话不是事实,而是不可能发生的情况,或是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设。
3. 使用：
① 选择性必修要求：
在语篇中要求学习和掌握If条件句，wish后的宾语从句，情态动词+have done 表示“与过去事实相反”等句式中的虚拟语气用法。
② 虚拟语气：在历年英语高考中，对虚拟语气的考查主要出现在听力和阅读理解中，同时学生也可以运用虚拟语气在写作中提升写作品质。本课例基于历年高考真题，采用了以语言运用为导向的“形式-意义-使用”三维动态语法观：在语境中呈现的语法知识、在语境中指导学生观察所学语法项目的使用场合、表达形式、基本意义和语用功能，并通过高考真题练习巩固所学语法知识，在语境中帮助学生学会应用虚拟语气来理解和表达意义。
二、学情分析
授课对象为某四星级高中高三（1）班，共有50名学生。该班学生有一定的语法基础，大多数对于虚拟语气表示命令、允诺、建议等的句型有所掌握，但对于虚拟语气的形式和意义并没有全面深刻的理解。该知识点会在高考语篇中出现，但学生在作文写作中未能有效运用该语法知识。为了提升学生对于虚拟语气这一语法的掌握应用能力，需要进一步加强他们对该语法功能的理解。
三、迁移目标
通过了解学生对虚拟语气的掌握程度，以及各种考试呈现试题考点中发现：学生对于虚拟语气的掌握不够全面，并且没有主动在书面表达中运用虚拟语气的意识。结合对《普通高中英语课程标准》和学生学情，本课迁移重点为让学生能够掌握虚拟语气的常见运用以及进一步提升学生在书面表达中主动使用虚拟语气的意识。
在本课学习结束时，学生能够：
1. 通过对虚拟语气形式和意义的训练，在语篇中正确地理解和使用虚拟语气的用法。
2. 树立在书面表达中正确使用虚拟语气的意识。
四、迁移实施过程
步骤一：提出问题
1. 教师呈现学生之前的虚拟语气课堂练习以及部分同学在写作中的虚拟语气的句式错误。
1）If I _________________(not quarrel) with Tom and gone into the forest, I ___________(not be) trapped in the awful place now!” Jane was filled with regret and anxiety and gradually fell asleep with tears in her eyes.
2）We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. I was almost on the edge of break down. How I wished I ______________(not follow) the rabbit into the forest! / If only I _________________(not follow) the rabbit into the forest!
3）If it had not ________ for Dorothy, I would not have brains. I owed(欠) all my luck to her.
4）“If you had been more careful, Poppy ________ _____ ______ lost!” I couldn’t contain my anger and shouted at Dad.
5）S1：If I have another chance, I would not say such bad words to you.
S2: I wish we can become good friends again.
…
2. 教师展现本节课迁移目标：
1）在语篇中正确地理解和使用虚拟语气的用法。
2）树立在书面表达中正确使用虚拟语气的意识。
[设计意图]
通过展现学生练习中的错误，能够激发学生学习虚拟语气的学习动机，提高学生的学习积极性。最后通过展现本堂课的教学目标，学生能够精确学习方向，便于学生进行评估和反馈。
1. 第一次进阶（形式+意义）：虚拟语气在完形填空中的运用
1） 给出高考真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出完型填空虚拟语气常用考点。Compare
1） (2023年河北省唐山市高三第一学期期末调研-完型) If I hadn’t decided to get ready and just go for it, I would have never known what running had for me.
2） (2022年6月浙江省普通高校招生选考科目试题-完型) He throws his arms and legs out ________ he were flying，his eyes wide with excitement.
A. as if B. in case C. even though D. so that
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
2） 竞争游戏：罗列If引导的虚拟条件句，含有otherwise、or、with、without、but for等表示含蓄条件的句子，含有even if 、even though、as if 、as though、if only等引导的非真实状语从句，wish、would rather引导的表示愿望的从句，以及其他形式的虚拟语气句子。
list as many sentences as possible
Sentence1:______________________________________________________
Sentence2:______________________________________________________
Sentence3:______________________________________________________
Sentence4:______________________________________________________
Sentence5:______________________________________________________
……
3） 分小组讨论If引导的虚拟条件句的常用用法，含有otherwise、or、with、without、but for等表示含蓄条件的句子的用法，含有even if 、even though、as if 、as though、if only等引导的非真实状语从句，以及wish、would rather引导的表示愿望的从句的用法。
1.常见的虚拟语气运用
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说的话不是事实,而是不可能发生的情况,或是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设
1）If 条件句
|
|
if 从句谓语动词形式 |
主句谓语动词形式 |
与现在事实相反 |
过去式(be动词用were) |
would/should/could/might+动词原形 |
与过去事实相反 |
had+过去分词 |
would/should/could/might+have+过去分词 |
与将来事实相反 |
过去式(be动词用were) |
would/should/could/might+动词原形 |
should+动词原形 |
||
were to+动词原形 |
2) wish后的宾语从句
|
|
谓语动词形式 |
与现在事实相反 |
过去式(be动词用were) |
与过去事实相反 |
had+过去分词 |
与将来事实相反 |
would/should/could/might+动词原形 |
3）情态动词+have done 表示“与过去事实相反”
could have done |
过去本可以做但实际上没做 |
needn't have done |
过去本不必做但实际上做了 |
ought to/should have done |
过去本应该做但实际上没做 |
oughtn't to/shouldn't have done |
过去不应该做但实际上做了 |
might have done |
过去本可以做但实际上没做 |
2. 特殊情况
1）If 省略句
虚拟条件句中有were,had, should 时,可以省略 if，把were,had,should放在主语前,用倒装结构,这种结构主要用于书面语中
2) 错综条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
3）含蓄条件句
虚拟条件隐含在上下文中或通过without, but for， or, but, otherwise等表示,这时可根据语境及具体意义采用虚拟形式
3. 常见表达中中出现虚拟语气的情况
1）表示建议、要求、命令等名词，如advice，order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request，insist等后面跟表语从句或同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用 “（should+）动词原型”
2）it's (high) time that... 从句用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词用 “（should+）动词原型”
3）if only 引导的感叹句中，谓语用一般过去时（be）
4) would rather后接that从句,用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟,用过去完成时表示对过去的
5) 在 as if/though等引导的表语从句或状语从句虚拟语气中，如果是对过去的假设,用过去完成时;对现在的假设,用一般过去时;对将来的假设,用过去将来时。(注意:如果as if/though引导的从句中的动作有明显的迹象表示可能发生时,则不用虚拟语气。)
[设计意图]
通过讨论、游戏竞争、探究等环节，让学生掌握虚拟语气的基本知识点以及在完型填空中的常用考点，从而掌握虚拟语气常见的形式、意义和功能。
2. 第二次进阶（在听力和阅读理解中的使用）：虚拟语气在听力和阅读理解中的运用
1） 给出高考听力真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出听力中虚拟语气常见的使用情况。
（南通七市第二次模拟考试）W: If it weren’t for my mom and day, I am not sure I would have got my degree.
M：Aren’t your professors very good?
W: Oh, they are great, and I have supportive friends. There were so many hard times when my folks helped me out.
A. Her partents. B. Her professors. C. Her friends.
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
2） 给出高考阅读理解真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出阅读理解中虚拟语气常见的使用情况。
Reading comprehension
1） (2021年高考真题——新高考全国 I 卷 阅读A篇) If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel.
2） (2022年高考真题——新高考全国 I 卷 阅读B篇) Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的）produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.
3） (2023年高考真题——新高考全国 I 卷 阅读D篇)…In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
33．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if______ .
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
[设计意图]
通过提炼总结听力和阅读中虚拟语气常用考查形式，学生能更加理解虚拟语气在文章以及听力中的运用。
3. 第三次进阶（赏析与使用）： 赏析与运用虚拟语气
1） 教师让学生比较两组句式，选取较好的句式，并解释原因。
Compare the sentences and choose the better one.
赏析一、
u 如果没有你的热情和友好，我在英国的那段时间不可能那么愉快。
p I had enjoyed my stay in England with your kindness and hospitality.
n Without your kindness and hospitality, I couldn't have enjoyed my stay in England.
u 如果不是你们良好的服务和优美的环境，我们的旅行不会这么愉快。
p We enjoyed our trip because of your good service and pleasant environment.
n But for your good service and pleasant environment, we couldn’t have enjoyed our trip.
通过对比赏析，培养学生对虚拟语气的语感和审美能力——使用虚拟语气，语言更有情感。
赏析二、
n 如果我是你的话，我就会听老师的话。
p You should follow what the teacher says.
p If I were you, I would follow what the teacher says.
n 作为你的朋友，我建议你把均衡的膳食和定期锻炼结合起来，以保持健康。
n You must combine balanced diets and regular workout to stay fit.
p As your friend, I suggest that you (should)combine balanced diets and regular workout to stay fit.
n 是时候我们一起采取措施减少白色垃圾的产生了。
p We need take some essential steps to cut down the white garbage pollution.
p It’s high time that we should take/ took some essential steps to cut down the white garbage pollution.
通过对比赏析，培养学生对虚拟语气的语感和审美能力——使用虚拟语气，语言更委婉、迫切，更容易让人接受。
赏析三、
p 我多么希望我没有跟你吵架啊！
p How I wish I hadn't quarreled with you!
p 我宁愿我没有对你说那些伤人的话。
p I would rather I hadn't said such hurtful words to you.
p 我多希望去参加你的生日聚会，但是我得为明天的考试做准备。
p I wish I could attend your birthday party, but I have to make preparations for the exam tomorrow.
[设计意图]
通过对比赏析，培养学生对虚拟语气的语感和审美能力——使用虚拟语气，情感更丰富。
步骤三：解决问题
1）教师让学生总结回答虚拟语气知识框架。
虚拟语气 |
虚拟语气的应用 |
引导虚拟语气的知识点 |
Subjunctive mood
|
Rational cloze |
as if 、as though… |
Listening and reading |
if、otherwise… |
|
Writing |
wish、would rather… |
[设计意图]
知识框架能够快速让学生回顾和总结本节课所学虚拟语气内容。
2）教师让学生自主修改虚拟语气练习中的错误，并相互校对。
[设计意图]
让学生自主修改练习错误，能够进一步让学生熟悉和掌握虚拟语气的使用规则，增强学生的语言表达能力和写作技巧。
3）布置如下作业：
Task one: Choose the wright answer 1. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ______ all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 2. ______ more careful, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been 3. If he _____ me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should call B. should not have been able C. were not able D. are not able 4. If you asked your father, you _____ permission. A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get 5. ______ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 6. _____ I you, I would go with him to the party. A. Would be B. Had been C. Will be D. Were 7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _____ pratical value by the time they were finished. A. could loose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _____ our chairman. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 9. If you _____ Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted. 10. _______ he English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A. in spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
Task two Translate the following sentences. 1. (2022年高考真题——新高考全国 I 卷 读后续写) David insisted on running ______________________________(好像他已经忘记了所有的弱点), though he was tripped over within the a few kilometers. 2. 没有你的盛情款待，我不可能在英国过得愉快。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. 要不是你们的良好服务和宜人的环境，我们不可能享受这次旅行。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. 在学习中保持愉快的心情很重要。(It is important that…) _______________________________________________________________________________
Task Three Finish the article 假设你是李华，上周六晚上，你受邀到你德国朋友 Hans 家吃晚饭。饭后你注意到他有些不高兴。后来你和另外一个外国朋友交谈后意识到中西方文化的差异。明白了当时就餐时不应该用手抓食物吃，也不应该在盘子里剩食物。请你用英语给他写一封道歉信。注意：词数100 左右。 Dear Hans, I am writing to apologize for any misunderstandings that occurred when I had dinner at your house last Saturday evening.
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[设计意图]
通过练习，学生能够巩固课堂所学内容、反思学习中的优点和不足，从而培养学生的自主学习能力和良好的学习习惯。
五、循证说明
本次课例是基于前一次课堂观察的进阶版。由于“导入部分采用问题导入的方式不能够充分调动学生学习积极性，是因为学生对于老师提出的问题不能够准确理解，问题量过大过难（学生观察组）”的原因，因此在第二次课堂实践中，本人采用呈现学生最近一次虚拟语气练习中的错误，使得“学生能够在导入环节便意识到学习虚拟语气存在的不足，整体学习积极性较高，与老师互动较多（学生观察组）”。
“虚拟语气句式在感谢信或者道歉信中往往只有一两句，但是如果整个课堂的最后一个部分让学生进行完整的应用文写作感觉不能够精准和有效地锻炼学生的能力（目标观察组）”，因此，本人将最后的输出环节改为自主订正修改导入环节学生的练习错误。