名词性从句（宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）
一、语法知识分析
1.主要形式：
Ø 主语从句：引导词+从句（充当主语）
Ø 表语从句：引导词+从句（充当表语）
Ø 同位语从句：抽象名词+引导词+从句
（由于宾语从句比较简单，本章节不作要求）
常用引导词为：that, whether, what, how, which, when, where 等
2. 意义：
Ø 主语从句：在复合句中充当主语的句子
Ø 表语从句：在复合句中充当表语的句子
Ø 同位语从句：是指在一个句子中，与某个名词或代词并列的另一个名词性从句。这个名词性从句与前面的名词或代词在意义上是相同的，用来对前面的名词或代词进行解释、说明或补充。
名词性从句 |
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形式 |
主语从句 Subjective clause |
l It + adj/n/v-ed that … l What(ever)/ Who(ever)/Which(ever)/ Whether… + 谓语动词+ 其他 l That… + 谓语动词+ 其他 How/ What/ Where/ Why/ When… + 谓语动词+其他 |
意义 |
名词性从句：用一个从句作为句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语，能够让作者、读者输出或获取更多的信息，甚至也可以跟不同的名词、动词连在一起表达出迫切的意愿、警告。
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表语从句 Predictive clause |
主句系动词 + that / because/ what/ how/ whether… |
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同位语从句 appositive clause
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抽象名词(truth/ fact/ evidence/ phenomenon…)+that/ whether/ who/ when…
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3.使用：
① 选择性必修要求：
在语篇中正确地理解和使用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）。
② 选修要求：
通过在语境中学习和运用语法知识，认识英语语法的基本体系及其特征；
熟练地运用所学的语法知识，准确地理解语篇的基本意义和深层意义，有效地描述真实和想象世界中的人和物、情景和事件，表达观点、意图和情感态度，进行流畅的人际交流。
③ 名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）：在历年英语高考中，对名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的考查主要出现在听力、阅读理解和语法填空中。同时，学生也可以在应用文和读后续写中恰当运用名词性从句传达意义，取得更好的表达效果。本课例基于历年高考真题，采用了以语言运用为导向的“形式-意义-使用”三维动态语法观：在语境中呈现的语法知识、在语境中指导学生观察所学语法项目的使用场合、表达形式、基本意义和语用功能，并通过高考真题练习巩固所学语法知识，在语境中帮助学生学会应用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）来理解和表达意义。
二、学情分析
授课对象为某四星级高中高三（11）班，共有41名学生。该班学生的语法基础尚可，能够理解名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的形式和意义，但在实际语篇应用中缺乏一定的语用能力，尤其在引导词的选择和长难句的分析方面。此外，多数同学在写作中未能准确有效运用该语法知识。为了深化名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）语法功能的理解和提升学生熟练使用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的能力，需要进一步加强在不同语境下的实践训练。
三、迁移目标
通过呈现和分析学生相关专题训练和书面表达的错误，结合《普通高中英语课程标准》对语法知识教授的相关要求和学生学情，采用不同类型的学习实践活动，提升学生英语语法意识和语用能力。本课迁移重点为提升学生利用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）分析语篇长难句的能力和升格写作。
在本课学习结束时，学生能够：
1. 提升在语篇中正确使用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的意识
2. 准确分析语篇中有关名词性从句的长难句，提高语篇分析能力
3. 通过三次迁移进阶的教学活动，恰当地运用名词性从句在写作中进行描述观点（应用文）和事件（读后续写）
四、迁移实施过程
步骤一：提出问题
1. 播放采访视频（Q: What appositive clauses are tested in the college entrance examination?）教师向学生提出以下三个问题：
Q1：Pick out the common form of appositive clauses in the reading comprehension. What do they mean ?
Q2: How can you use the appropriate conjunctions in appositive clauses?
教师展示本节课迁移目标：
1. 提升在语篇中正确使用名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的意识
2. 准确分析语篇中有关名词性从句的长难句，提高语篇分析能力
3. 用三次迁移进阶的教学活动，恰当地运用名词性从句在写作中进行描述观点（应用文）和事件（读后续写）
[设计意图]
学生观看采访视频，激发学习兴趣。通过提出的两个问题，学生能够对主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在高考题型中的重要性。此问题学生回答不会特别全面，因此造成学习紧迫感，提高学生的学习积极性。最后通过展现本堂课的教学目标，学生能够精确学习方向，便于学生进行评估和反馈。
步骤二：分析问题
1. 第一次进阶（形式+意义）：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在语法填空中的运用
1） 给出高考真题，让学生进行限时训练并提炼出语法填空主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句常用考点。
Activity 1: Find out the subject、predicative and appositive clauses and tell the structure in a clause.
What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.（2021新高考Ⅰ卷）
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
This is why they need an English trainer. (2023全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019·新课标I卷)
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
2）竞争游戏：识别主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句并划分以下句子的句子结构
Activity 2: Identify the sentence structure of the following sentences
What you said yesterday was right.
____________________________________________________________
I’m happy with the news that he will visit our school.
____________________________________________________________
That’s where I can’t agree with you.
____________________________________________________________
3） 分小组讨论主语从句、表语从句和名词性从句的用法
1) The Common Usage of Subject clause:
a. What I want is a book.
b. How this happened is not clear.
c. That the earth goes around the sun is known to us.
d. It is common knowledge that the earth goes around the sun
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
2) The Common Usage of predicative clause:
a. The mistake that he made has cost great loss to the company.
b. It' s a great mistake that he took the book without permission.
c. We have to do something about the fact that the city center is overcrowded with vehicles.
d. You must find the fact that is important to your research.
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
3) The Common Usage of appositive clause:
a. I got the news that he would come to see me the next week.
b. He made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
c. I have no idea where the meeting will be held.
d. The question whether he will come worries me.
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
[设计意图]
通过讨论、竞争游戏划分句子结构、分组讨论探究等环节，让学生掌握主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的常用考点，从而掌握以上从句的意义和使用功能。
2. 第二次进阶（在听力和阅读理解中的使用）：主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在听力和阅读理解中的运用
1） 给出高考听力真题，让学生进行限时训练并辨析和理解听力中名词性从句。
Activity 4: finish the following task and conclude rules
Listening comprehension
1）（2022年高考英语新高考I卷）
M: People say you're doing unpaid work in the new season of My Fair Lady. Is this what the show business has become?
W: No, not really. All of my acting in the new season is unpaid, but the crew is paid. This is to raise money for the post production of the show.
15. Why is Emily doing unpaid work in the new season of the show?
A. To follow the latest trend.
B. To help raise the crew's pay.
C. To support the post-production.
2）（2021年英语高考全国乙卷）
M: Sure. Do you remember that play I was in a few years ago? I knew my lines, but I was terrified to have to recite them in front of an audience. As soon as I saw the crowd of people down there, my heart beat so fast that I was unable to say a single word.
W: That’s how I feel just thinking about the spelling competition next week.
13. What is Nancy going to do next week?
A. Take a school test.
B. Have a check-up.
C. Go in for a competition.
3）（2021年英语新高考Ⅰ卷）
However, most people don’t regard pronunciation as a very important part of communication skills. They’re more focused on vocabulary. One reason is that most people are not even aware of their mispronunciations. So, it’s important to first find out the words you mispronounce. You should listen to experts. By experts, I mean those who are less likely to make pronunciation mistakes.
19. Why should you listen to experts according to the speaker?
A. To develop your reading fluency.
B. To improve your note-taking skills.
C. To find out your mispronunciations.
4)（2022年高考英语新高考I卷）
Emma says it's challenging to be a health expert because people can be easily influenced by advertisements that lack scientific support. Also,
people aren't willing to change their views about food and nutrition, as there is so much confusing information online. It's really important to hear what experts say, and that's why we've invited Emma here. She isn't going to tell us about everything we should eat, but she will teach us to make better choices.
20. What can be a challenge to Emma's work?
A. Competition in the health care industry.
B. Discrimination gains female scientists.
C. Influence of misinformation on the public.
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
2） 给出高考阅读理解真题，通过对阅读理解中名词性从句长难句的分析，进行限时训练，感悟名词性从句在语篇分析中的重要性。
Reading comprehension
1) （2021新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D篇）
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives.
( )What does the last paragraph mainly talked about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
B. Its practical application D. Scientists with new perspectives.
2) (2021新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C篇）
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity.”
( )What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?
A. Moral principle B. Interpersonal skills
B. Creative abilities D. Positive worldviews
3) (2021浙江卷阅读B篇)
We live in town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is to pick up a screen ---any screen ---and stare at it for hours. They are alone.
( )What is the problem with the author’s children?
A. They often annoy the neighbors. B. They are tired of doing their homework.
B. They have no friends to play with. D. They stay in front of the screens for too long.
4) (2022全国乙卷阅读D篇)
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity. It’s believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
( )Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
5) （2022全国甲卷阅读D篇）
“Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me, “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years ago, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
( )What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population, D. It is becoming more international.
6) (2023全国乙卷阅读C篇)
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Briton are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and read-made-meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of the Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way.
(
)Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative B. Creative C. Profitable D. Influential
7）（2023年全国新高考Ⅰ卷 阅读理解D）
The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
8）（2021年全国新高考Ⅱ卷 阅读理解D篇）
“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
9）（2022年全国新高考II卷D篇）
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,”says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.
（ ）What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
10）（2022全国高考甲卷 阅读C篇）
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
( ) What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
11）（2022年新高考I卷阅读D篇)
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
( )What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________
[设计意图]
通过提炼总结听力和阅读中主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句常用考查形式，学生感悟名词性从句在语篇分析中的重要性。
3） 给出高考原文片段，通过对名词性从句的分析和句意的理解，让学生进行自主命题。
Activity 5: Try to set appropriate questions
Section1: （2023年全国甲&乙卷听力）So, what I’m really looking for in the competition is to meet someone who can touch me musically. I want to see the seed, at least the seed of the great tree that can grow. I would go for this violinist. I would go for this musician.
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Section 2: (2022全国乙卷阅读C篇) It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Section3: （2022年高考英语全国甲卷听力）
They had a great museum in Munich. He took me to the museum, and I responded very strongly to what I saw on the walls there. I learned about art from him, I learned about looking at art from him. I think that’s what really got me started. Then many years later, after I got out of the army, I went to study art history at the University of Chicago.
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Section 4: （2021年全国新高考Ⅱ卷 阅读理解D）
That’ s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Section5:（2022全国高考甲卷 阅读D）
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords（口号）, and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving（解决）.”
Question: ____________________________________________________________
[设计意图]
学生自主命题，可以进一步灵活运用主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句使用方法，提升语用能力，同时也培养学生独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，在理解名词性从句的结构特点和表意功能后，基于对句子结构的理解，使用名词性从句加以表达，学以致用。
2. 第三次进阶（赏析与使用）： 赏析与运用主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
教师让学生比较两组句式，选取较好的句式，并解释原因。
Activity 6: compare the sentences and choose the better one.
Group A:
(S1): Where will my uncle open his new restaurant? It remains to be seen.
(S2): It remains to be seen where my uncle will open his new restaurant.
Group B:
(S3): The fact that you have a passion for your idea will make it much easier to motivate yourself.
(S4): You have a passion for your idea. The fact will make it much easier to motivate yourself.
Group C:
(S1): Does she have enough time to complete so many tasks? This is her doubt
(S2): This is her doubt whether she have enough time to complete so many tasks.
Group D:
(S3): Mr White thinks the proposal is useless, and that’ s where I don’t agree.
(S4): Mr White thinks the proposal is useless. I don’t agree with it.
在应用文中使用名词性从句
1. The most obvious advantage of playing 10-minute badminton is that we will not sweat while exercising the whole body; which contributes to our full vigor for next period.
2. In response to your inquiry whether the high school students should take course planning courses in China, I’m writing to express my own opinion and offer some suggestions concerning it.
3. Your last letter told me that you’re faced with a bothering problem that you never dared to deny one’s request when someone turned to you for help.
在读后续写中使用名词性从句
1. One day I got word that he was admitted to hospital for a serious disease.
2. It seemed as if Brigitte was always meant to be in this family and she turned out to be a perfect companion.
3. Actually, it was fun trying to think of what should grow from Laynie‘s seeds.
[设计意图]
通过对比赏析，对实例中的句子进行观察、分析、归纳名词性从句的构成特点，掌握语用规律，有效引领学生运用名词性从句进行创作和表达。
步骤三：解决问题
1）教师再次让学生回答刚开始提出的两个问题，并形成主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句知识导图。
Subject clauses、predicative clauses and appositive clauses |
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[设计意图]
思维导图能够快速让学生复盘主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句内容和语用功能。
2）教师让学生完成一篇应用文写作片段，要求使用主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。
Activity 8: write an article, using as many subject clauses、predicative clauses or appositive clauses as possible
(2023年新高考全国I卷 应用文)假定你是李华，假定你是李华，经常帮助你学习英语的朋友Alex即将返回自己的国家。请给他写一封邮件，内容包括：1．表示感谢；2．回顾Alex对你的帮助；3．临别祝愿。
Dear Ryan，
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
[设计意图]
要求学生完成应用文写作，恰当使用名词性从句，进一步让学生熟悉和掌握主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句的使用规则，增强学生的语言表达能力和写作技巧。
3）布置如下作业：
1. Pick out the noun clauses in the reading passage.
1. Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
2. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
2. Fill in the missing blanks with what/ that/ when/ why/ whether/ because/ how/ …
1._______ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2. _________ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill. She has some doubts 3. __________ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar. Also, with the College Entrance Examination approaching, she becomes more stressful and she can’t sleep well these days. Maybe this is 4.______ she becomes fatter these days, she thinks. 5._______ she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task. So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But where she can get better suggestions and 6.__________ will give her better advice also puzzle her. It is her parents’ suggestion 7.______ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital. Professor Wang suggests 8.________ she keep a balanced diet first. She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber, vitamin and protein. What’s more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day. Mary asked Professor Wang 9.________ she should take exercise. Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon. That is 10.________ she will have more time to do sports. It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.
（Key：What ，that ，whether，why，how，who，that，that，whether，because）
3. Practice writing by using the noun clauses based on your understanding of the sentences.
Practical writing :
l [2022·全国甲]我们必须采取措施来保护海洋的原因是它的污染正变得越来越严重。
_________________________________________________________________________________________（The reason why we must take measures to protect the ocean is that its pollution is becoming more and more serious.
l [2021·浙江6月] 我推荐你这周和我一起参加艺术展，这是因为显而易见的迹象是有中国传统文化的艺术展一定是外国友人的最爱。
___________________________________________________________________________________________（I recommend that you should join in the art show with me this weekend, and this is because there’s evident evidence that the show regarding traditional Chinese culture is always foreigner’s favourite. ）
(道歉信) I’m sorry I didn’t turn up at your party. _________________________
(活动报道) What’s more, some of them realized ________________________
(演讲致辞) I sincerely hope ______________________________________. Thank you!
(求助) Faced with/ Facing so many difficulties, I wonder ________________.
Continuation writing
[2021•浙江6月]
(心理描写) 令我惊讶的是，我爸爸允许我按照我的意愿使用这笔钱。
（What surprised me was that my dad allowed me to use the money as I wished. ）
[Talent show]没有Emma, 我不知所措甚至没了想要表演的欲望。想要退出的念头一直在我脑子里回想。
（Without Emma accompanying me, I was at a loss and even lost my passion for the show. The idea that I would withdraw from the show bounced around in my mind. ）
[2023 广东](环境描写)似乎事情变得越来越让人迷惑。所以，他们加速走到了一老妇人的房子前。
It seemed that things became more confusion. Hence, they sped up towards the old lady’s home.
(人物描写) The expressions on her face suggested __________________ _________________________
(心理描写) Worried, the two girls discussed ___________, hoping _______________________________.
(环境描写) What they could see in the darkness was _______________________________________.
(主题升华) It was only at that time that I realized __________________________________________!
[设计意图]：通过不同类型的练习，进一步巩固了以语言运用为导向的“形式-意义-使用”三维动态语法观：并通过高考真题练习巩固名词性从句，实现英语语法复习的品质进阶。
五、循证说明
本次课例是基于前一次课堂观察的进阶版，着重引导学生通过体验、实践、合作和探究等形式归纳和总结名词性从句的构成规律和在语篇中的使用，通过迁移创新活动进一步理解名词性从句的表意功能，学会运用名词性从句描述观点和事件。
第一次本人设置了语法课的主题语境，以《知否》主人公明兰的成长历程为依托，融合了高考真题，在具体语境中复习主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。但“知否主题语境不能够吸引学生学习兴趣，大部分同学对此不太熟悉，以至于学生导入部分热情不高，互动较少（学生观察组）”，因此本人在第二次教案设计中不再采用知否的主题语境，而是以“问题驱动”为导向，通过采访视频以及现场提问，让学生对主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在高考中的考查形式有大致的概念，同时帮助学生意识到掌握主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的重要性。
除了主题语境的更改，本人在第二次教案设计中加入了许多学生活动，例如“竞争游戏”、“赏析对比”等。主要是由于第一次“输出方式主要以学生口头形式，学生活动较为单一（学生观察组）”的原因。
本人删除了一稿中的迁移目标“建立学习主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的信心”，是因为“对于该迁移目标的达成情况无法在课堂观察中体现（目标迁移）”。鉴于此，第二次教案设计本人将迁移目标定位“提升书面表达中正确使用主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的意识”，采用有意义的、聚焦式的、交互式的方法，通过不同的教学活动实现三次进价，提升学生在真实情景中的语用能力。